Document is current

Article History

Received: 22 August 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The analyses have been approved by the Ethics Committees of all three institutions (approval no. 1166/2019, 2086/2023, 2438, 604–16, 17–656) and carried out per the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.Maximilian J. Mair has received research funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb and travel support from Pierre Fabre.

: Hannah C. Puhr has received travel support from Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and Roche and lecture honoraria from Eli Lilly.Anna Sophie Berghoff has research support from Daiichi Sankyo, Roche and honoraria for lectures, consultation, or advisory board participation from Roche Bristol-Meyers Squibb, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, CeCaVa, Seagen, Alexion, Servier as well as travel support from Roche, Amgen, and AbbVie.Georg Widhalm has received honoraria for advisory board participation from Servier.Franziska Eckert has received honoraria for lectures, consultation, or advisory board participation from Dr. Sennewald Medizintechnik and Servier.Gregor Kasprian has received honoraria for lectures from Bracco and advisory board participation from Lilly.Louisa von Baumgarten has received honoraria for lectures, consultation or advisory board participation from Merck and Servier, and research funding from Novocure and Telix Pharmaceuticals.Niklas Thon has received honoraria for lectures, consultation, or advisory board participation from Servier and Brainlab and research funding from Novocure.Felix M. Mottaghy is a medical advisor and consultant for Advanced Accelerator Applications (AAA) GmbH/Novartis, Telix Pharmaceuticals, and CURIUMTM, and has recently received institutional grants from NanoMab Technology Ltd., Radiopharm Ltd., Siemens Healthcare, and GE Precision Healthcare LLC.Philipp Lohmann has received honoraria for lectures from Blue Earth Diagnostics and for advisory board participation from Servier.Gereon R. Fink has received honoraria for lectures from Forum medizinische Fortbildungen (FOMF) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie.Karl-Josef Langen received honoraria from Telix Pharmaceuticals for consultancy services.Norbert Galldiks has received honoraria for lectures from Blue Earth Diagnostics, advisory board participation from Telix Pharmaceuticals and Servier, and consultancy services from Telix Pharmaceuticals.Nathalie L. Albert has received honoraria for lectures, consultation, or advisory board participation from Advanced Accelerator Applications, Medsir, Novartis, OncLive, Servier, and Telix Pharmaceuticals, and research funding from Novocure and Telix Pharmaceuticals.Matthias Preusser has received honoraria for lectures, consultation or advisory board participation from the following for-profit companies: Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis, Gerson Lehrman Group (GLG), CMC Contrast, GlaxoSmithKline, Mundipharma, Roche, BMJ Journals, MedMedia, Astra Zeneca, AbbVie, Lilly, Medahead, Daiichi Sankyo, Sanofi, Merck Sharp & Dome, Tocagen, Adastra, Gan & Lee Pharmaceuticals, Janssen, Servier, Miltenyi, Böhringer-Ingelheim, Telix, Medscape.Enio Barci, Alexander Beck, Robert Forbrig, Johannes Hainfellner, Patrick N. Harter, Thomas Nakuz, Stephan Schönecker, Isabelle Stetter, Gabriele Stoffels, Vincent Sunder-Plassmann, Caroline Tscherpel, Jan-Michael Werner, and Michael M. Wollring have no conflict of interest to disclose.