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Authors
Tai, Sarah Beishan
Chua, Wei Ming
Ng, Cherie Wei Qi
Noviani, Maria
Tham, Wei Ping
Saffari, Seyed Ehsan
Lam, Winnie Wing Chuen
Ng, David Chee Eng
Low, Adrian Shoen Choon Seng
Xie, Wanying
Low, Andrea Hsiu Ling https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5244-686X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Singapore General Hospital (SRG-OPN-02-2021)
National Medical Research Council (MOH-CSAINV19may-0005)
National Medical Research Council (RTF23jul-0011)
National Medical Research Council (MOH-RTF23jan-0002)
National Medical Research Council (MOH-CSSDFD23janB-0001)
Rheumatology Research Foundation (Rheumatology Research Foundation)
Goh Cheng Liang Rheumatology ARISE Program Fund – Research Training Program Sponsorship (Goh Cheng Liang Rheumatology ARISE Program Fund – Research Training Program Sponsorship)
Agency for Science, Technology and Research (H24J4a0019)
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Article History
Received: 4 August 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board (CIRB 2021/2190).
: Informed consent for study participation, and for the use of biospecimens and clinical data was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The funders of the study and SOFIE Pharmaceuticals had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or writing of the manuscript. AHLL reports a relationship with Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH that includes consulting or advisory, funding grants, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement; and a relationship with Novartis Pharmaceuticals that includes speaking and lecture fees and travel reimbursement. WWCL reports a relationship with Novartis Pharmaceuticals that includes consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees. The other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
