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Authors
Xu, Qinfeng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2873-3172
Chen, Yueran
Song, Jieping
Guo, Wanhua
Shao, Guoqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3277-6933
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation, Nanjing Municipality Health Bureau (YKK21254)
Nanjing Medical Science and Technology Development Foundation (ZKX23036)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (92461308)
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 24 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University (IRB No. KY20220701-01).
: Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating patients, with assent from children when appropriate, including consent for secondary use of their clinical data.
: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Fig. 1.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
