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Article History

Received: 4 November 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

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: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the medical ethics review committee of the Amsterdam University Medical Center for ADC, and the local institutional review boards for ADNI. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their assigned surrogate decision-makers prior to cohort enrollment.

: K.J., G.F., N.G., Y.X. report no competing interests. C.G., Y.P. report no competing interests. E.vd.G. has performed contract research for Heuron Inc., AC Immune, and Roche. EvdG has a consultancy agreement with IXICO and Life Molecular Imaging for reading PET scans. All funding is paid to her institution. R.O. is currently a full-time employee of Eli Lilly and Company. His contribution to the work presented in this manuscript was performed as an employee of Amsterdam University Medical Centers. R.O. has received research funding/support from European Research Council, ZonMw, NWO, National Institute of Health, Alzheimer Association, Alzheimer Nederland, Stichting Dioraphte, Cure Alzheimer’s fund, Health Holland, ERA PerMed, Alzheimerfonden, Hjarnfonden, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Janssen Research & Development, Roche, Quanterix and Optina Diagnostics, has given lectures in symposia sponsored by GE Healthcare, received speaker fees from Springer, and was an advisory board/steering committee member for Asceneuron, Biogen, Johnson & Johnson and Bristol Myers Squibb. All the aforementioned has been paid to Amsterdam University Medical Centers.