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Article History

Received: 6 April 2026

Accepted: 7 August 2026

First Online: 30 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the appropriate institutional ethics committees.

Consent to participate: The requirement for informed consent was waived by the institutional ethics committees due to the retrospective nature of the study.

Consent to publish: Not applicable. No individual patient data are reported in this manuscript.

Competing interests: Drs. Dahdal, Jukema, Raijmakers, Driessen, Mäenpää, Planken, van Royen, Bax, and El Messaoudi report no relevant disclosures. Dr. Maaniitty received research funding from the Research Council of Finland and Finnish State Research Funding. Dr. Nurmohamed reports grants from the Dutch Heart Foundation (Dekker 03–007–2023-0068) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (2023), research funding/speaker fees from Cleerly, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, and Ultragenyx, and is co-founder of Lipid Tools. Dr. Bär was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the University of Turku and received institutional research grants from Abbott, Medis, and the Bangerter-Rhyner Stiftung. Dr. Saraste received consultancy and lecture fees from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Novo Nordisk, and Pfizer. Dr. Knuuti received consultancy and speaker fees from GE Healthcare, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Lundbeck, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, and Merck, outside the submitted work. Dr. Knaapen received research grants from HeartFlow and Cleerly Inc. Dr. Danad received a research grant from Cleerly Inc.