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Article History

Received: 10 June 2025

Accepted: 11 November 2025

First Online: 18 November 2025

Declarations

:

: C.K.-S. received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol-Myers Squibb, and a research grant from Chiome Bioscience. H.I. received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical. K.N. received honoraria from Pfizer, Fujimoto Pharmaceutical, Senju Pharmaceutical, and Toray. H.S. received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol-Myers Squibb, and research grants from Ono Pharmaceutical and Takeda Pharmaceutical. N.T. received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and Taiho Pharmaceutical. T.K. received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical and Bristol-Myers Squibb. F.N. received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Merck Biopharma, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Yakult Honsha. Y.N. received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Taiho, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Y.Y. received honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceutical, Ono Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Taiho, Sanofi, Yakult, Nihon Servier, Lilly, Asahi Kasei Parma. K.M. received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Ono Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Taiho, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. N.B. received honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Taiho Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly, and Daiichi Sankyo. Other authors have no competing financial interests.

: The WJOG10417GTR study (UMIN000032686) was conducted in collaboration with ten hospitals according to the protocol approved by the IRB of each participating hospital, including the National Cancer Center (No. 2017–473). Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. All activities were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.