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Authors
Jang, Miran https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5046-161X
Kim, Chan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9780-6155
Kong, So Jung https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8988-8258
Yang, Hannah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2252-7041
Lee, Won Suk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2753-5294
Lee, Ho Yun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9960-5648
Chon, Hong Jae https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6979-5812
Lee, Se-Hoon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9219-3350
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Research Foundation of Korea [NRF] grants funded by the Korean government [MSIT] (NRF-2023R1A2C2006375)
Future Medicine 2030 Project of the Samsung Medical Center (#SMO1250061)
Future Medicine 2030 Project of the Samsung Medical Center (#SMX1250111)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants funded by the Korean government (NRF-2023R1A2C2004339)
Bio&Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (No. RS-2023-00225255)
National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (RS-2025-00519956)
Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (RS-2020-KH088685)
grant of Korean ARPA-H Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00512539)
grant of the Korea-US Collaborative Research Fund(KUCRF), funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (RS-2024-00466776)
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Article History
Received: 9 September 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: Hong Jae Chon holds consulting or advisory roles with Eisai, Roche, Bayer, ONO, MSD, BMS, BeOne, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi, Servier, AstraZeneca, and IMBDx, and has received research grants from Roche, BeOne, Guardant Health, Servier, HANDOK Inc., Dong-A ST, and Boryung Pharmaceuticals. The other authors declare no competing interests.
: This study received approval from the institutional review board of Samsung Medical Center and adhered to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration.
