Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 August 2025

Accepted: 25 November 2025

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Dr. Kitano reports grants and personal fees from Astra Zeneca, grants and personal fees from Pfizer, grants and personal fees from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees from Taiho, personal fees from Novartis, grants and personal fees from MSD, personal fees from Sumitomo Pharma, grants and personal fees from Eisai, grants from Astellas, grants and personal fees from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, personal fees from Rakuten Medical, grants from Takara Bio Inc., grants and personal fees from GSK, grants and personal fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, grants and personal fees from Chugai, grants from Incyte, personal fees from ImmuniT Research Inc., grants and personal fees from Merck KGaA, grants and personal fees from Takeda, personal fees from United Immunity, grants from Eli Lilly /LOXO Oncology, grants from Abbvie, grants from Kyowa Kirin, grants from Syneos Healthe Clinical, grants from ModernaÐ personal fees from PMDA(Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency), outside the submitted work; Other authors do not have competing interest.

: The study was conducted following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The human ethics board of each institution approved this study, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients before enrollment (Iwate Medical University; protocol no. HM2022-121, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research; protocol No. 2021-GA-1096).

: Informed consent was obtained from participants or from the families of deceased patients using the opt-out method through publicly accessible websites.