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Article History

Received: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 4 January 2026

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

: This study involves human participants and was approved by the Ethics Committees of all participating sub-centers. The list of centers and their respective approval numbers is as follows: Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (19220ZL), The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (2019‐279), Hunan Cancer Hospital (2021‐445), The First Hospital of Jilin University (21Y211‐001), Beijing Cancer Hospital (2022YW101), Fujian Cancer Hospital (2021‐076-02), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (2021‐0746), The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University (2022‐154), The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Y2021-26‐01), The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology (2022‐0175), The Third Hospital of Changsha (CS3-2022EC-039), Mianyang Central Hospital (2022‐30-01), Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University (2021‐34-01), Xiangyang Central Hospital (2022‐042), Chongqing University Cancer Hospital (CZLS2022159-A), The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanyang Medical College (2022‐028-01), Qilu Hospital of Shandong University (Qingdao) (2022‐011-001), Zhejiang Cancer Hospital (IRB-2021‐1138), The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University (2022‐37), The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University (2022LL031), Liaoning Cancer Hospital (20220763), Linyi Cancer Hospital (XY2276), and The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (2022‐082). This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04085185) and conducted following Good Clinical Practice Guidelines, the Declaration of Helsinki, and relevant local regulatory policy. Written informed consent was required before patient enrollment.