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Article History

Received: 15 September 2025

Accepted: 20 January 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

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: A.S.B. reports research funding from Merck, advisory board with Deciphera. L.K. reports research support from Iovance Biotherapeutics and Valar Labs and travel support from Immatics. A.A.T reports consulting or advisory role: Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Genentech/Roche, Moderna, Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Regeneron, Partner Therapeutics, Clinigen Group, Eisai, Bayer, Instil Bio, and ConcertAI; research funding (institution): OncoSec, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Genentech/Roche, OncoSec, Sanofi/Regeneron, Iovance, InflaRx, Acrotech Biopharma, Pfizer (Inst), Agenus, Dragonfly, Werewolf and Scholar Rock, OncoResponse. J.M. reports grants to Moffitt from Merck and TuHURA Biosciences within the past 2 years. Moffitt submitted a patent on behalf of J.M., unrelated to the current project. V.K.S. reports consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, and Mural Oncology and research funding from Neogene Therapeutics and SkylineDX. K.Y.T. reports consulting fees from Senhwa Biosciences, Verrica Pharmaceuticals, and NFlection Therapeutics and research funding from Merck and Incyte Corporation. N.I.K. reports consultant/advisory board: Bristol Myers Squibb, Castle Biosciences, Delcath, Immunocore, Instil Bio, IO Biotech, Iovance Biotherapeutics, Merck, Mural Oncology, MyCareGorithm, Nektar, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Replimune, Sun Pharmaceuticals, and T-Knife Therapeutics; research funding (all to Institute) from Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, Celgene, GSK, HUYABIO international, Replimune, Regeneron, Novartis, IDEAYA, Modulation Therapeutics; common stock in Asensus Surgical, Bellicum Pharmaceuticals; data and safety monitoring for AstraZeneca and Incyte Corporation; and travel support: Castle Biosciences and Regeneron. The remaining authors report no disclosures.