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Article History

Received: 2 March 2026

Accepted: 4 June 2026

First Online: 18 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Piotr Rutkowski has received honoraria for lectures and Advisory Boards from MSD, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pierre Fabre, Genesis Pharma and Medison Pharma outside of the scope of the study. Dariusz M. Kowalski is an advisory board member and a consultant for Amgen, BeONE, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, Johnson & Johnson, Medison MERCK, MSD, Pierre-Fabre, Pfizer, Roche, and Takeda. Victor Moreno has received consulting fees from Abbvie, Affimed, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol Myers Squibb, Ellipses Pharma., Janssen, Merck, Miltenyi, Pan-Cancer T, Pharmamar, Roche, Syneos, and ViroFend; and is a principal Investigator (institutional funding) from Abalos Therapeutics, AbbVie, Accesion Therapeutics, Adaptimmune, Alentis Therapeutics AG, Alterome Therapeutics, Amal Therapeutics, Amgen, ArtiOS Pharma, Ascendis Pharma, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BeiGene, Bicycle Therapeutics, BioInvent, BioNTech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Captor Therapeutics, Celgene, Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Cullinan MICA, Daiichi Sankyo, Debiopharm, Egle Therapeutics, Eikon Therapeutics, Exelixis, Exscientia, F-Star Beta Limited, Genentech, Genmab, Gilead, Gilead Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, Hexal AG & Sandoz, IGI Therapeutics SA, ImCheck Therapeutics, Immunocore, Immutep, Incyte, iOMX Therapeutics, Ipsen Pharma, I.R.I.S., I.R.I.S. Servier, Italfarmaco, Janssen, Kumquat BioSciences, Light Chain Bioscience, Lilly, Loxo Oncology, Marengo Therapeutics, Medicenna, Medicenna Therapeutics, MediLink Therapeutics, Merck, Merus, Miltenyi Biomedicine, MOMA Therapeutics, MonTa Biosciences, MSD, NEC Bio Therapeutics, Ningbo Newbay, Novartis, Nurix Therapeutics, One Carbon Therapeutics, Oxford Biotherapeutics, Pfizer, PharmaMar, PMV Pharma, Pyxis Oncology, Regeneron, Relay Therapeutics, Revolution Medicines, Roche, Sanofi, Schrödinger, Scorpion Therapeutics, Shattuck Labs, SystImmune, Tango Therapeutics, Tesaro, TheRas BridgeBio, Totus Medicines, Turning Point Therapeutics, and Vividion Therapeutics; and received research funding from AstraZeneca, Intheos, PMV Pharma, and Quironsalud. Aitana Calvo has received consulting fees or is an advisory board member from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi, MSD, and Novartis. Fiona Thistlethwaite has received consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, Immatics, OncoBayes, T-Knife Therapeutics, Waypoint; and is Principal Investigator (has received institutional funding) from Achilles Ltd, Adaptimmune, Amgen, Biontech, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chugai, Corbus, Crescendo Biologics, GenMab, Grey Wolf Therapeutics, Glaxo SmithKline, Immunocore, Incyte, Iovance, Janssen, Kymab Ltd/Sanofi, Leucid, Moderna, Novalgen, Nucana, Oxford Vacmedix, Roche, RS Oncology LLC, Seagen, Takeda, T-Knife, UCB, Zymeworks. Ruth Plummer has received consulting fees from, Astex Therapeutics, Benevolent AI, Bristol Myers Squibb, Cybrexa Therapeutics, Ellipses, Genmab, Immunocore, Incyte, MSD, Nerviano, Novartis, and Sanofi Aventis, and for working as an IDMC member for Alligator Biosciences, AstraZeneca GlaxoSmithKline, Onxeo, Pharmamar, and SOTIO Biotech AG (all outside scope of study). Douglas Steinbach, John Loffredo, Sydney Akapame, Daniel Jonathan, Vinod Philip, Angela Girvin, Shalaka Hampras, and Peter Hellemans are employees and stockholders of Johnson & Johnson. Iurie Bulat has no conflicts of interest.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles that have their origin in the Declaration of Helsinki and that are consistent with Good Clinical Practices and applicable regulatory requirements.

: Patients or their legally designated representatives provided their written consent to participate in the study after having been informed about the nature and purpose of the study, Participation/termination conditions, and risks and benefits of treatment.