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Article History

Received: 3 May 2026

Accepted: 29 June 2026

First Online: 7 July 2026

Declarations

:

: Pavlos Msaouel has received honoraria for service on a Scientific Advisory Board for Mirati Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Exelixis; consulting for Axiom Healthcare Strategies; non-branded educational programs supported by DAVA Oncology, Exelixis and Pfizer; and research funding for clinical trials from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Summit Therapeutics, Merck, Takeda, Bristol Myers Squibb, Mirati Therapeutics, Gateway for Cancer Research, and the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. David J. Beebe holds equity in Bellbrook Labs LLC, Salus Discovery LLC, Lynx Biosciences Inc., Stacks to the Future LLC, Flambeau Diagnostics LLC, Navitro Biosciences LLC, Eolas Diagnostics, Inc., and Onexio Biosystems LLC. Christian M. Capitini has received honoraria from Bayer and Novartis, and equity interest from Elephas, for advisory board memberships. These companies had no input in the study design, analysis, manuscript preparation or decision to submit for publication. The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval for human subject work was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University of Wisconsin (#2024–0997). Approval for investigations involving mice was granted by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (#M006825-A02).

: For all research involving human subjects, freely-given, informed consent to participate in this study was obtained from all participants. All participants were ≥ 18 years of age.