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Article History

Received: 26 July 2022

Accepted: 19 November 2022

First Online: 23 December 2022

Declarations

:

: The investigation was approved by the institutional review board (2014–084).

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Sama reports royalties from Ortho Development, Corp.; private investments for Vestia Ventures MiRUS Investment, LLC, ISPH II, LLC, ISPH 3, LLC, and VBros Venture Partners X Centinel Spine; a consulting fee from Clariance, Inc., Kuros Biosciences AG, and Medical Device Business Service, Inc.; speaking and teaching arrangements of DePuy Synthes Products, Inc.; membership of the scientific advisory board of Clariance, Inc., and Kuros Biosciences AG; and trips/travel of Medical Device Business Research Support from Spinal Kinetics, Inc., outside the submitted work. Dr. Cammisa reports royalties from NuVasive, Inc.; private investments for 4WEB Medical/4WEB, Inc., Bonovo Orthopedics, Inc., Healthpoint Capital Partners, LP, ISPH II, LLC, ISPH 3 Holdings, LLC, Ivy Healthcare Capital Partners, LLC, Medical Device Partners II, LLC, Medical Device Partners III, LLC, Orthobond Corporation, Spine Biopharma, LLC, Synexis, LLC, Tissue Differentiation Intelligence, LLC, VBVP VI, LLC, VBVP X, LLC (Centinel) and Woven Orthopedics Technologies; consulting fees from 4WEB Medical/4WEB, Inc., DePuy Synthes Spine, NuVasive, Inc., Spine Biopharma, LLC, and Synexis, LLC; membership of scientific advisory board/other office of Healthpoint Capital Partners, LP, Medical Device Partners III, LLC, Orthobond Corporation, Spine Biopharma, LLC, Synexis, LLC, and Woven Orthopedic Technologies; and research support from 4WEB Medical/4WEB, Inc., Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Camber Spine, and Centinel Spine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Girardi reports royalties from Lanx, Inc., and Ortho Development Corp.; private investments for Centinel Spine and BCMID; stock ownership of Healthpoint Capital Partners, LP; and consulting fees from NuVasive, Inc., and DePuy Synthes Spine, outside the submitted work. Dr. Hughes reports research support from NuVasive, Inc., and Kuros Biosciences AG, as well as fellowship support from NuVasive, Inc., and Kuros Biosciences AG, outside the submitted work.