Article History
Received: 24 May 2023
Accepted: 15 June 2023
First Online: 24 June 2023
Declarations
:
: This retrospective research study utilized the PearlDiver Patient Records Database, a national private payer insurance database that contains indexed and de-identified data. The database consists of procedural volumes and patient demographics for patients with International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision diagnoses (ICD-9), 10th Revision diagnoses (ICD-10), and procedures or Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Our Institutional Review Board deemed this study exempt, including the need for participants' consent to participate and publish the results.
: “Financial interests: Author Elizabeth Driskill, Zhichang Zhang, and Jialun Chi, declare they have no financial interests. Author Quanjun Cui has received research support from Depuy and Exactech, royalty from Elsevier.