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Authors
Peng, Zhiming
Du, You
Zhang, Haoran
Li, Chenkai
Wang, Shengru
Zhang, Jianguo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC2507700)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-PUMCH-D-004)
CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2021-I2M-1-051)
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 23 June 2025
First Online: 5 July 2025
Declarations
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: This investigation adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital Institutional Review Board. Prior to inclusion, parents or legal guardians provided written consent for the use of their children’s clinical information and imaging in research and publication. All personal data were de-identified to ensure participant confidentiality, and documentation of consent has been securely maintained. In cases where participants were minors, authorization was obtained from their parent, legal guardian, or designated family representative.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
