Funding for this research was provided by:
Università degli Studi di Torino
Article History
Received: 31 January 2024
Revised: 24 May 2024
Accepted: 5 June 2024
First Online: 12 June 2024
Declarations
:
: The experiment followed ASAB (2020) guidelines for the ethical treatment of animals in behavioral research and complied with Italian national and Piedmont regional laws. Approval by ethics committee was not required. The permit to collect eggs was given by the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea (U.0031391 − 15.11.2019–PNM). During the experiment, 50% of water was changed once a week, and food in excess was removed to optimize rearing conditions. Before measurement sessions, tadpoles were captured using hand nets and moved using water filled containers. To produce dragonfly-larvae alarm cues, we fed them with small tadpoles (Gosner stage 26–30), twice a week. At this feeding rate, predation occurred shortly after prey introduction, so that prey suffering was minimized. At the end of the experiment, all froglets were released close to the ponds where eggs had been collected.
: The authors declare no competing interests.