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Authors
Lifjeld, Jan T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9172-9985
Kleven, Oddmund https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0267-6795
Amundsen, Trond https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-0555
Slagsvold, Tore https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-3269
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Oslo
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Article History
Received: 2 April 2025
Revised: 24 June 2025
Accepted: 1 July 2025
First Online: 16 July 2025
Declarations
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: All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the use of animals were followed. Norwegian legislation had no permit requirements for blood sampling of wild birds at the time the field work was carried out (1989). The ringing permit was issued by the bird ringing centre at Stavanger Museum, Norway.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
