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Authors
Leclerc, Inès https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7547-7287
Tourtigues, Emma
Terranova, Francesca https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-3756
Baciadonna, Luigi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0011-801X
Petersen, Gavin Sean
Ludynia, Katrin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0353-1929
Mathevon, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0219-6601
Reby, David https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9261-1711
Favaro, Livio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8698-472X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Geographic (NGS-67401R-20)
IDEXLYON (ANR-16-IDEX-0005)
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2024
Revised: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 16 July 2025
First Online: 13 October 2025
Declarations
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: All fieldwork on African penguins was conducted with the permission of the South African Government, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (permits n° RES2021-22 & RES2023-25) and CapeNature (permits n° CN32-87–19920 & CN32-87–23209). Ethical approval from ethics committee was not required, and the use of animals in this study adheres to the guidelines set forth by the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
: We did not use AI or AI-assisted technologies to generate images or text in this manuscript.
: All authors declare they don’t have competing interests.
