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Fear responses in a nationally threatened seabird: habitat and landscape contexts influence flight initiation distance in red-billed gulls

Published Online: 2025-10-21

Published Print: 2025-11

Authors

Noreen, Zunaira

Closs, Gerard P.

Robertson, Bruce C.
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-21

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-21
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Article History

Received: 12 June 2025

Revised: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 15 October 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in compliance with the New Zealand Wildlife Act (1953) under a permit obtained from the New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC, Permit No.117318-RES APPROVAL) and was approved by the University of Otago Animal Ethics Committee (Approval No. AUP-24-72). All observations were non-invasive, ensuring minimal disturbance to the birds, and no individuals were handled or harmed during data collection. All procedures adhered to ethical standards set by the University of Otago and DOC guidelines.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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