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Authors
Manrique-Revuelta, Patricia
Álvarez, Mercedes
López-Urueña, Elena
Anel-López, Luis
Neila-Montero, Marta
Montes-Garrido, Rafael
Palacin-Martínez, Cristina
Borragan, Santiago
Anel, Luis
de Paz, Paulino
Tizado, E. Jorge
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universidad de León
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Article History
Received: 28 April 2025
Revised: 19 December 2025
Accepted: 31 December 2025
First Online: 10 January 2026
Declarations
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: Animal handling was in accordance with Spanish (R.D. 1201/2005) and European Union (Directive 2003/65/EC) regulations regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes. All procedures of animal capture (anesthesia) and handling were approved under an ethical permit provided by the Ethical Committee for Experimentation with Animals of the University of León, Spain (03–02/2010). This study is part of a general project for the conservation of the Cantabrian brown bear through the creation of a germplasm bank (supported in part by MICINN CGL 2010–19213/BOS and CANTUR S.A.).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
