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Authors
Choi, Seoyun
Ulvund, Kristine
Jackson, Craig
Landa, Arild
Angerbjörn, Anders
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Stockholm University
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Article History
Received: 4 October 2025
Revised: 10 January 2026
Accepted: 11 February 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The research facility (Unit number 150, contract 19087015) is approved by Norwegian Food Safety Authority and the Norwegian Environment Agency (contract numbers 15080020 and 18087020). All handling of animals in captivity, including capturing and ear-tagging, was conducted under permits issued by the Norwegian Animal Research Authority (reference numbers 2010/122908 for the period 2010–2014 and 2015/87902 for the period 2015–2019). No specific ethical approval was required for the behavioral observations, as non-invasive behavioral studies of this type do not require additional permits under Norwegian law.
