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Authors
Ma, Ruiyao
Zhao, Chaoqun
Huang, Xinru
Yu, Xiaohan
Wang, Juan
Wan, Dongmei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundemental Research Funds for Public Universities in liaoning (No.LNUYJS014)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.32201284)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.31872231)
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Article History
Received: 2 September 2025
Revised: 27 April 2026
Accepted: 29 April 2026
First Online: 9 May 2026
Declarations
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: We declare that the sampling and experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Liaoning University and the nature conservation authorities of the Liaoning Xianrendong National Nature Reserve. All applicable international, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the use of animals were followed, and the experiments comply with the current laws of China. Strict protocols were implemented to minimize stress: handling times were restricted to under 15 min, and capture was scheduled to the late nestling stage to reduce the risk of nest abandonment.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
