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Authors
Sadam, Asif https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2459-0557
Hu, Huijian
Liang, Wei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0004-9707
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R & D Program of China (2023YFF1304600)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 32470513)
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Article History
Received: 2 July 2025
Revised: 15 May 2026
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 29 May 2026
Declarations
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: The experiments in this study complied with the current laws of Pakistan. Fieldwork was carried out with permission from the farmlands of the rural counterparts of the Mardan district. The experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of the Hainan Provincial Education Centre for Ecology and Environment, Hainan Normal University (permit no. HNECEE-2021-005).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
