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Authors
Linssen, Hans
van Loon, E. Emiel
Wilson, Robert E.
Sonsthagen, Sarah A.
Eichhorn, Götz
Shamoun-Baranes, Judy Z.
Nolet, Bart A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Dobberke foundation (2349/20237307)
Bundesamt für Naturschutz
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz (FKZ 3520685021)
Ministry of Environment of Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony
Naturschutzstiftung Emsland
Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (866.15.206)
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Article History
Received: 25 December 2025
Revised: 10 July 2026
Accepted: 5 August 2026
First Online: 20 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval: All catching, tagging and blood sampling was conducted with permission from the relevant authorities in the Netherlands (Centrale Commissie Dierproeven permits 2016518 and 202114712; Dienst Regelingen permits FF/75A/2016/044; Omgevingsdienst Brabant Noord permits Z/046757 and Z/141920) and Germany (Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit (LAVES) permit AZ 20/3603). All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the use of animals were followed.
Conflict of interest: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest relevant to the contents of this paper.
