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Article History

Received: 16 June 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors acknowledge that this study received funding and experimental materials, including agarose gel (Algeness Advanced Aesthetic Technologies, Brookline, Mass.), from Lanzhou Biotechnique Development Co., LTD. Jia Zhou, one of the authors, is an employee of Lanzhou Biotechnique Development Co., LTD. The company had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

: The animal study was reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital (approval ID number SH9H-2024-A1-1)

: For this type of study, informed consent is not required.