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Article History

Received: 20 May 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 2 December 2025

Declarations

:

: NV is an employee of Philips Healthcare. NIH and Philips have a patent licensing agreement that pays royalties from Philips to NIH, a portion of which are then shared with BW. Unrelated to this work, BW is Principal Investigator on the following CRADA’s: Cooperative Research & Development Agreements, between NIH and industry: Philips (CRADA), Celsion Corp/Imunon (CRADA), Siemens Healthineers/ Varian Interventional Systems (CRADA), NVIDIA (CRADA), ProMaxo (CRADA), MediView (CRADA under review), Uro-1 (CRADA under review), Deep Sight (CRADA under review), Canon (CRADA under review), Immunophotonics (CRADA under review). NIH had a CRADA and licensing agreement / shared patents with BTG Biocompatibles / Boston Scientific. The following industry partners also support research in BW’s laboratory via equipment, personnel, devices and/ or drugs: 3 T Technologies (devices), Exact Imaging (data), Angiodynamics (equipment and NCI has a clinical trial agreement), Astra Zeneca (pharmaceuticals, NCI CRADA), ArciTrax (devices and equipment), Johnson and Johnson (equipment), Medtronic (equipment), Theromics (Supplies), Profound (equipment and supplies), QT Imaging (equipment and supplies), Medtronic (equipment), Boston Scientific (equipment), Varian (materials), Combat Medical (equipment), Clinical LaserThermia Systems (equipment), MediView (equipment), CIVCO Medical Solutions (equipment), Galvanize, Alessa Therapeutics (NCI CRADA or CTA), Immunophotonics (Materials), Quantum Surgical (Materials).

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

: For this type of study informed consent is not required.

: For this type of study consent for publication is not required.

: The content of this manuscript does not necessarily reflect the views, policies, or opinions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) nor the US Department of Health and Human Services. The mention of commercial products, their source, or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as an actual or implied endorsement of such products by the US government. Opinions expressed are those of the authors, not necessarily the NIH. The views, information or content, and conclusions presented do not necessarily represent the official position or policy of, nor should any official endorsement be inferred on the part of, the Clinical Center, the National Institutes of Health, or the Department of Health and Human Services.