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Article History

Received: 29 August 2025

Accepted: 9 December 2025

First Online: 29 December 2025

Declarations

:

: LS is supported by the Clinical Translational Fellowship Program of the NIH Clinical Center and the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. NV and NH are employees of Philips Healthcare. NIH co-authors had final control over the data analysis and content of the manuscript. The NIH (Principal Investigator, BW) has a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) with Philips. Philips manufactures the IQon Spectral CT system used in this study. NIH (BW) has intellectual property in the field, including US patent nos. 8 447 384 and 10 215830. NIH and Philips have a patent licensing agreement that pays royalties to NIH, a portion of which is then shared with BW. Unrelated to this work, NIH (Principal Investigator, BW) has CRADAs with Celsion Corp, Siemens, NVIDIA, XAct Robotics, ProMaxo. NIH has a Material Transfer Agreement and equipment support from Neuwave (Johnson and Johnson), who manufacture ablation devices.

: All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

: For this type of study, informed consent is not required.

: For this type of study, consent for publication is not required.

: This paper discusses investigational devices that have not been cleared or approved for human use and uses of devices that are outside of the cleared or approved labeling (“off-label use”).This research was supported [in part] by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The contributions of the NIH author(s) are considered Works of the United States Government. The findings and conclusions presented in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NIH or the US Department of Health and Human Services.