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Article History

Received: 25 September 2025

Accepted: 20 December 2025

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: The Institutional Review Board of Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital approved the study protocol (approval numbers 111R56 and 113R41) to protect participant privacy and rights. All collected data were de-identified. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants (patients) included in this study.

: Consent for publication was obtained for every individual person’s data included in the study.

: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude to enhance the language and readability of this manuscript. After using these tools, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.