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Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Accepted: 16 May 2026

First Online: 7 June 2026

Declarations

:

: JdP reports consulting fees and honoraria from Okami. NK reports consulting fees from Medtronic and Centerline Biomedical. MK reports consulting fees from Boston Scientific and Penumbra and leadership roles within SIR. GS reports consulting fees from Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Cook, BD, Optimed, and TriSalus; honoraria from Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Cook, BD, Penumbra, and Philips; and leadership roles within SIR, AVLS, AVF, and SIDI. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. For this retrospective study, the Institutional Review Board at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill approved the study (IRB #23–1570).

: For this type of study consent for publication is not required.

: This study has obtained IRB approval from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the need for informed consent was waived.

: Presented as an oral presentation at the CIRSE Annual Congress , Barcelona, Spain (September 13–17, 2025).