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Anatomical patterns and collateral pathways in congenital aplasia, atresia, and hypoplasia of iliac and lower extremity veins: a retrospective cohort study

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-025-03793-8

Published Online: 2025-12-22

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Sun, Peipei

Wang, Huaijie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7259-3966
Xu, Wenjiao

Li, Xiangni

Xie, Chong

Lin, Weilong

Wang, Peihua

Yang, Weijia

Guo, Zhengtuan
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-12-22

Version of Record valid from 2025-12-22
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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 21 November 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital (no. XIMED-2025N-013).

: Informed consent by the patients was waived.

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