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Article History

Received: 14 November 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 21 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study complied with all applicable laws regarding patient privacy. No direct subject contact or primary collection of individual human subject data occurred. All study results are presented as aggregate analyses that omit patient identification; therefore, informed consent and ethics committee or IRB approval were not required.

: Venediktos Kapetanakis and Balázs Dobi report employment with Evidera, a business unit of Thermo Fisher Scientific, which was contracted to conduct this study by GSK. Massimo Breccia reports honoraria from Novartis, Incyte, GSK, AOP Orphan, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Servier, and Otsuka. Catherine Ellis, Nicholas Ballew, Tom Liu, Kelesitse Phiri, Fulya Sen Nikitas, Shiyuan Zhang, and Dwaipayan Patnaik report employment with and stock/stock options in GSK. Giuseppe A. Palumbo reports honoraria for advisory boards and speakers bureau from AbbVie, AOP Orphan, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Incyte, MorphoSys, and Novartis and financial support for travel from AbbVie, AOP Orphan, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, and Stemline Menarini. Elisabetta Abruzzese reports consultancies and advisory boards from Ascentage, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Incyte, Novartis, and Pfizer. Massimiliano Bonifacio reports honoraria from Amgen, Ascentage, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Incyte, Novartis, and Pfizer. All authors acknowledge medical writing support for this manuscript, which was funded by GSK.

: Venediktos Kapetanakis and Balázs Dobi report employment with Evidera, a business unit of Thermo Fisher Scientific, which was contracted to conduct this study by GSK. Massimo Breccia reports honoraria from Novartis, Incyte, GSK, AOP Orphan, AbbVie, Bristol Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Servier, and Otsuka. Catherine Ellis, Nicholas Ballew, Tom Liu, Kelesitse Phiri, Fulya Sen Nikitas, Shiyuan Zhang, and Dwaipayan Patnaik report employment with and stock/stock options in GSK. Giuseppe A. Palumbo reports honoraria for advisory boards and speakers bureau from AbbVie, AOP Orphan, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Incyte, MorphoSys, and Novartis and financial support for travel from AbbVie, AOP Orphan, BeiGene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, and Stemline Menarini. Elisabetta Abruzzese reports consultancies and advisory boards from Ascentage, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Incyte, Novartis, and Pfizer. Massimiliano Bonifacio reports honoraria from Amgen, Ascentage, Blueprint Medicines, Bristol Myers Squibb, GSK, Incyte, Novartis, and Pfizer. All authors acknowledge medical writing support for this manuscript, which was funded by GSK.