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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 2 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Human samples were collected according to the protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board of Nagoya University (#2014-00814377). The study was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines, including the Declaration of Helsinki.

: The authors declare no competing financial interests according to this study. K.M. received honoraria from Janssen Pharmaceutical and Sanofi outside of this study. K.O. received honoraria from Janssen Pharmaceutical outside of this study. H.N. received research funding and honoraria from Ono Pharmaceutical, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical, BD Japan, and MSD; received honoraria from Amgen; received research funding from Taiho Pharmaceutical, Daiichi-Sankyo, Kyowa Kirin, Zenyaku Kogyo, Oncolys BioPharma, Debiopharma, Asahi-Kasei, Sysmex, Fujifilm, SRL, Astellas Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, ARC Therapies, Meiji Seika Pharma, and RIKAKEN Holdings; and serves as a scientific advisor and a founder of ARC Therapies and a scientific advisor of LTZ Therapeutics outside of this study. H.K. received research funding from Kyowa Kirin, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Perseus Proteomics, Daiichi Sankyo, AbbVie, CURED, Astellas Pharma, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Zenyaku Kogyo, Nippon Shinyaku, Eisai, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sumitomo Pharma, Novartis Pharma, and Sanofi, and honoraria from Astellas Pharma, AbbVie, Chugai Pharmaceutical, and Novartis Pharma outside this study.

: Patient information was anonymized, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants before sampling.