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Authors
Wang, Shuainan
Zang, Haoyu
Du, Wenjing
Guo, Laibing
Song, Jingyan
Qiao, Tianyu
Gu, Weiying https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4913-1610
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Changzhou '14th Five-Year Plan' Key Disciplines
Changzhou '14th Five-Year Plan' Health Leading Talents Training Project
Key project of Jiangsu Province HealthCommittee
Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, NanjingMedical University
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 25 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study is based on publicly available de-identified SEER data, does not involve human subjects, animals, or biological specimens, meets the criteria for ethical exemption, and has been granted exemption approval by the Institutional Ethics Committee.
: This study uses de-identified, publicly available data from the SEER database; informed consent is not required per ethical guidelines for retrospective studies using anonymized data.
: No materials from external sources were used, so no permission was required
: This study is not a clinical trial, so no trial registration was required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
