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Article History

Received: 7 December 2025

Accepted: 19 May 2026

First Online: 29 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics statement: PBMCs used in this study were obtained from Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital as anonymized leftover samples from healthy donors. Sample collection was approved by the ethics committee of Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and national regulations concerning research on human specimens.

Informed consent: Prior to the study, written informed consent was obtained from all donors (or their legal guardians) agreeing to use their samples for scientific research prior to this study.

Animal studies: The animal experiments were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University (approval No. SYSU-IACUC-2025-002172). All applicable institutional and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed in this study.

Registry and the registration no. of the study/trial: Not applicable, as this is not a clinical trial.

Approval of the research protocol by an institutional reviewer board: Not applicable, as this study did not involve human subjects.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.