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Article History

Received: 26 August 2025

Accepted: 29 October 2025

First Online: 6 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All listed authors meet ICMJE criteria. All authors had full access to the study data and approved the final version of the manuscript. Andrew Hudson: Honoraria and travel/accommodation support from J&J. Anuradha Jayaram: no COI to declare. Benjamin Garmezy: funding and/or consulting (all paid to his institution) for AbbVie, Accutar Biotechnology, Adcentrx Therapeutics, Arcus Biosciences, Arvinas, AstraZeneca, AVEO Oncology, CRISPR Therapeutics, Eikon Therapeutics, Exelixis, Roche/Genentech, Flare Therapeutics, Halda Therapeutics, Harbor BioMed, HiberCell, IDEAYA Biosciences, Janssen, Janux Therapeutics, Jubilant Therapeutics, Kineta, Kinnate BioPharma, Loxo, Merck, Mink Therapeutics, Nuvation Bio, Profound Bio, Takeda Therapeutics, Xencor, Zenshine, Adaptimmune, Adicet Therapeutics, AIQ Global, Amgen, Bayer, Bicycle Therapeutics, Eisai, EMD Serono, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Rondo Therapeutics, Sanofi-Aventis, Seagen. Nicholas A Zorko: Consulting: Bayer (Institutional payment, personal fees), Takeda (Institutional, pro bono consulting), Telix-(travel expenses), GT Biopharma (FDAGTB-5550 IND sponsor and PI), Mosaic Research (consulting), Slingshot (consulting), Mosaic. Insights (consulting). Kevin K Zarrabi: reports receiving grants from Amgen (INST), IDEAYA (INST), Johnson & Johnson/Janssen (INST), and 858 Therapeutics (INST); consulting fees from Pfizer; and payments or honoraria from OncLive and Association of Community Cancer Centers (ACCC). Ligi Mathews, Brent Rupnow, Mengjie Li, Debopriya Ghosh, Karen Urtishak, Peter Francis, Sherry Wang, Edward Attiyeh: employees and stockholders of Johnson & Johnson. Johann de Bono: Grants from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, AAA, Bayer, Bioxcel Therapeutics, Crescendo, Daiichi-Sankyo, Endocyte, Genentech/Roche, GSK, ImCheck Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Oncternal, Pfizer, and Sanofi Aventis; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Cellcentric, Daiichi, Genentech/Roche, Pfizer, GSK, Janssen, Merck Serono, MSD, Menarini/Silicon Biosystems, Orion, Sanofi Aventis, Sierra Oncology, Taiho, Pfizer, and Vertex; honoraria from AstraZeneca, Astellas, Bayer, Cellcentric, Daiichi, Genentech, Genmab, GSK, Janssen, Merck Sereno, Mycrix, MSD, Orion Sanofi Aventis, Taiho, Crescendo, and Pfizer; payment for testimony from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bioxcel Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cellcentric, Daiichi, Eisai, Genmab, GSK, Harpoon, ImCheck Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck Serono, Merck Sharp/Dohme, Menarini/Silicon Biosystems, Orion, Pfizer, Qiagen, Sanofi Aventis, Sierra Oncology, Taiho, Terumo, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, and Genentech/Roche; and travel support from Amgen, Astellas, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Bioxcel Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Cellcentric, Daiichi, Eisai, Genmab, GSK, Harpoon, ImCheck Therapeutics, Janssen, Merck Serono, MSD, Menarini/Silicon Biosystems, Orion, Pfizer, Qiagen, Sanofi Aventis, Sierra Oncology, Taiho, Terumo, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, and Genentech/Roche.