Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1404504)
Youth Talent Program Supported by Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (2018-MFS-T16)
China National Offshore Oil Corporation Foundation (Grant No. CF-MEEC/TR/2018-09)
Article History
Received: 16 February 2022
Accepted: 4 March 2023
First Online: 22 September 2023
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the Laboratory Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee CALAS, Beijing, China. The ethical principles (GB/T 35892–2018) established by General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China were followed. We have obtained permission from the National Key Basic Research Program of China for the provision of infrastructure and support for rearing of <i>Scophthalmus maximus</i> (an aquaculture fish species) in indoor conditions related to our study to promote aquaculture practices. During the experiment, the rearing method simulated the aquaculture in a flowing water environment (no harm to <i>S. maximus</i>) and the probiotic supplementation was conducted through feed addition as a modest method. At the end of the experiment, all fish were euthanized according to Guideline for ethical review of animal welfare (GB/T 35892-2018).