Funding for this research was provided by:
Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology promotion (RS-2022-KS221679)
Ministry of Education (RS-2021-NR062056)
Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (RS-2025-02218213)
Article History
Received: 8 July 2025
Accepted: 2 October 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
:
: There is no conflict of interest.
: Ethical approval was not required for invertebrate larvae, but all efforts were made to minimize handling stress and ensure humane handling throughout the study.
: Not Applicable.
: Not Applicable.
: Experiments involving Crassostrea gigas larvae were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines for the care and use of aquatic invertebrates.
: Not applicable.