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Article History

Received: 24 February 2025

Revised: 26 September 2025

Accepted: 14 December 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is based solely on mathematical analysis and does not involve human participants, animals, or personally identifiable data. Therefore, no ethical approval or informed consent was required. No new data was created during the study.

: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.