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Introducing stochastic data envelopment analysis models for evaluating circular economy performance in European countries: pathways towards sustainability

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-025-00841-y

Published Online: 2026-03-31

Published Print: 2026-03

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Arabi, Behrouz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-4800
Toloo, Mehdi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6977-4608
Farnoudkia, Hajar https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9201-663X
Xu, Bing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8779-0823
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/V011863/1)

Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/V011863/2)

Ministerstvo Průmyslu a Obchodu (CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048)
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-03-01

Version of Record valid from 2026-03-31
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Article History

Received: 15 November 2023

Accepted: 12 November 2025

First Online: 31 March 2026

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