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Article History

Received: 10 October 2024

Accepted: 21 February 2025

First Online: 23 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this article.

: This study used data from the MIMIC-IV database, which is approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) (approval number: 0403000206). The approval date was March 10, 2004, with continuing reviews. All individual information pertaining to study participants was anonymized, and a waiver of informed consent was obtained. Additionally, upon request, the first author (Si Chen) successfully completed the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative program, enabling access to the MIMIC-IV database (certification number: 64388854).

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