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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 4 October 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Declarations

:

: RNE declares no competing interests. AvT received unrestricted research grants from Novartis and UCB, received consulting fees from Novartis, Johnson and Johnson and UCB, and received speakers fees from Pfizer and Novartis. HEV received unrestricted grants from Galapagos and Boehringer Ingelheim and speakers fees from AbbVie, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB, Janssen and Lilly, and is a board member of the Dutch Arthritis Society. CW received honorarium from Novartis.

: This study adhered to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. The ethics committee of the University Hospital Maastricht/Maastricht University determined that observational studies involving SpA-Net were not subject to the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act as data were collected in routine care, and official approval was not required for this study (METC azM/UM 15-4-266, date February 23, 2016). All participants provided informed consent for their data to be used for research purposes.

: This work has previously been presented as a poster presentation at the ACR Convergence 2023 congress (San Diego, United States), as an oral presentation at the EULAR 2024 European Congress of Rheumatology (Vienna, Austria) and as a poster presentation at the 14th International Congress on Spondyloarthritides (Ghent, Belgium). Abstracts have been published in Arthritis & Rheumatology ( , abstract number: 0517), Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (https:// , abstract number: OP0060), and Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology ( , abstract number: P106).