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Authors
Caruso, Gabriella https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-5486
Maimone, Giovanna https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-868X
Rappazzo, Alessandro Ciro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3875-7338
Papale, Maria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6013-4436
Rizzo, Carmen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4340-3833
Cosenza, Alessandro https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-0963
Lo Giudice, Angelina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8842-083X
Azzaro, Maurizio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7885-2340
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca (PRA21_0001)
Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche
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Article History
Received: 31 December 2024
Revised: 4 July 2025
Accepted: 1 August 2025
First Online: 5 September 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Funding: Maurizio Azzaro reports that financial support was provided by the Italian Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca (MUR), within the Arctic Research Programme (PRA), grant number PRA21_0001 (“AdvanCing knowledge on the present Arctic Ocean by chemical-phySical, biogeochemical and biological obServAtioNs to preDict the future chAnges"—CASSANDRA project) Employment: Gabriella Caruso, Giovanna Maimone, Alessandro Ciro Rappazzo, Maria Papale, Alessandro Cosenza, Angelina Lo Giudice and Maurizio Azzaro are all affiliated with the Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council (ISP-CNR), Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy; Carmen Rizzo is affiliated with the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Marine Biotechnologies, Contrada Porticatello, 98168 Messina Contemplazione, Italy Financial interests: All the authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Non-financial interests: Angelina Lo Giudice, Maria Papale and Carmen Rizzo are Guest Editors of the Special Issue of Polar Biology where this article is submitted to. Angelina Lo Giudice serves as Associate Editor of Polar Biology.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
