Simonetti, Silvia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9272-8554
Fattorini, Niccolò https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8022-7464
D’Amico, Verónica https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1220-0395
Corsi, Ilaria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1811-3041
Olmastroni, Silvia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9319-9914
Funding for this research was provided by:
This research was funded by Ministry of University and Research (MUR) and National Research Council Italy (CNR) through Programma Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (project #PNRA2016_0004 PenguinERA)
Università degli Studi di Siena
Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Revised: 28 August 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 27 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
: All applicable international, national, and /or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals followed the ethical standards of SCAR’s Code of Conduct for the Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes in Antarctica ( ). Sampling activities were carried out in the framework of the project #PNRA2016_0004 PenguinERA and under PNRA Permit for sampling: "Olmastroni campionamento/interferenza: XXXIII/C5" and under PNRA. Permit for carrying out activities in ASPA n. 165: "Olmastroni ASPA165: XXXIII/A5".