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Authors
Matantseva, Maria V. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5393-4144
Simonov, Sergey A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6396-9335
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Russian Science Foundation (23-24-00092)
Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FMEN-2022-0003)
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Revised: 14 January 2026
Accepted: 15 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All aspects of the study were planned and executed on the principles that observers must not injure birds in conformity with the “Guiding principles in the care and use of animals”. Capturing, banding and observations were conducted according to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation № 52 dated 24.04.1995 (ed. 11.06.2021) “regarding the animal kingdom” (24.04.1995).
: Traditional two-dimensional (2D) analyses of avian territoriality overlook the complexity of space use in three dimensions. Our study is the first to apply three-dimensional (3D) territorial mapping to passerines in Arctic environments, revealing that habitat structure and social factors play a crucial role in shaping 3D territories. These findings challenge conventional assumptions that territory size decreases with population density, highlighting the necessity of incorporating 3D spatial perspectives into ecological research. By advancing methodologies for studying avian territoriality, our research provides a framework for future investigations into species interactions, habitat use, and conservation strategies in dynamic environments.
