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Article History

Received: 14 January 2020

Revised: 1 March 2020

Accepted: 1 April 2020

First Online: 26 April 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Friedemann Paul.

: The authors of this manuscript declare relationships with the following companies:NS has received travel grants from Biogen Idec and sanofi-aventis/Genzyme.SA received travel grants from Celgene GmbH, unrelated to this project.FCO was employed by Nocturne, unrelated to this project.HZ received research grants from Novartis, unrelated to this project.KR was supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF/KKNMS, Competence Network Multiple Sclerosis) and has received research support from Novartis and Merck Serono as well as speaking fees and travel grants from Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, sanofi-aventis/Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Roche, and Novartis.JBS has received travel grants and speaking fees from Bayer Healthcare, Biogen Idec, Merck Serono, sanofi-aventis/Genzyme, Teva Pharmaceuticals, and Novartis.FP declares that he has received research grants and speaker’s honoraria from Bayer Healthcare, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Genzyme, Merck and Co., Novartis, and MedImmune. He is also a member of the steering committee for the OCTIMS study (run by Novartis).AUB is cofounder and shareholder of technology start-ups Motognosis and Nocturne. He is named as inventor on several patent applications describing MS serum biomarkers, perceptive visual computing for motor function assessment and retinal image analysis.

: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.

: Institutional Review Board approval was obtained.

: Some study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported in PMID 31127016.

: • Retrospective• Observational• Performed at one institution