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Article History

Received: 3 March 2020

Revised: 11 May 2020

Accepted: 30 July 2020

First Online: 4 September 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Andrea Righini M.D.

: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: One of the authors has significant statistical expertise.

: Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.

: Ethics approvals described by centre:(A) UOC di Radiologia e Neuroradiologia Pediatrica, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy, and UOC di Neuroradiologia–IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico-Mangiagalli Milan, Italy.<i>The cases from Milan were recruited as clinical cases with ethical approval for retrospective review of clinical notes and MR images by the “Milano area B” and “Milano area C Ethics Committees, without the need for specific consent from patients (n. 2292/2016 and n. 1394/2015 protocol approval codes respectively).</i> (B) UOC di Neuroradiologia-IRCCS Gaslini Research Children’s Hospital Genoa, ItalyLocal Ethical Committee approval code number 533REG2015.(C) UOC di Neuroradiologia—Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy; UOC di neuroradiologia Azienda Ospedaliera Padovana Padua, Italy, and UOC di Neurologia Pediatrica—IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Meyer Firenze, Italy.<i>For the cases from Brescia, Padua, and Florence (the three centres which provided the minority of cases), the consent form was waived since this was a retrospective analysis of routinely collected anonymised data performed blindly.</i>(D) Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, UKMost of the women from this centre were recruited from on-going research studies over the recruitment time period and provided informed written consent under the guidance and approval of the Institutional Research Ethics Committee. Those women were not paid for their involvement in the study but travel expenses were offered for themselves and a companion. Relevant review was sought, and approval obtained, from the Institutional Clinical Effectiveness Unit and Research Department in order to allow those cases performed for clinical purposes to be reported in this paper.

: Please see the accompanying manuscript (paper A<b>—</b>Changes in appearance of cortical formation abnormalities in the foetus detected on in utero MR imaging) submitted to Eur Radiol EURAD-19-03458.

: • retrospective• cross-sectional study• multicentre study