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Article History

Received: 13 March 2021

Revised: 12 August 2021

Accepted: 9 September 2021

First Online: 31 October 2021

Declarations

:

: The scientific guarantor of this study is Julius Chapiro, MD.

: The co-author MingDe Lin is a Visage Imaging, Inc., employee and stock holder. MingDe Lin is an Executive Councilor for Tau Beta Pi Association, Inc.The other authors declare no competing interests.

: Lawrence Staib, PhD, Yale School of Medicine, and Dr. rer. nat. Konrad Neumann, Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidiomology of the Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript.

: Approval from the institutional animal care committee was obtained.

: Institutional Review Board approval was not required because no patients were included in this study.

: Data from a subgroup of animals were used for a published poster “Characterization of liver tumor microenvironment after treatment with different embolic materials using non-invasive molecular imaging of extracellular pH” on the conference of the Society of Interventional Oncology in 2020. Furthermore, data derived from experiments with a subset of animals (<i>n</i> = 12) were used in previous publications “Molecular Imaging of Extracellular Tumor pH to Reveal Effects of Locoregional Therapy on Liver Cancer Microenvironment” by Savic LJ, Schobert IT, Peters D, et al. published in Clinical Cancer Research in 2020 and “Molecular MRI of the Immuno-Metabolic Interplay in a Rabbit Liver Tumor Model: A Biomarker for Resistance Mechanisms in Tumor-targeted Therapy?” by Savic LJ, Doemel LA, Schobert IT, et al. published in Radiology in 2020.

: • Experimental• Performed at one institution