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Article History

Received: 20 February 2024

Revised: 21 March 2024

Accepted: 23 April 2024

First Online: 1 July 2024

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: The scientific guarantor of this publication is Justin R. Tse.

: Justin R. Tse receives grant support from GE Healthcare and Bayer Healthcare and is a consultant for Intuitive Surgical, Inc. and AbSolutions Med, Inc. Luke Yoon is a consultant for Intuitive Surgical, Inc.

: No complex statistical methods were necessary for this paper.

: Written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board.

: Institutional Review Board approval (Stanford University) was obtained. No animals were included in this study.

: None study subjects or cohorts have been previously reported.

: