Updates are available Correction dated 2025-04-15

Article History

Received: 19 August 2024

Revised: 15 November 2024

Accepted: 9 December 2024

First Online: 10 January 2025

Change Date: 2 April 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: In the original article Fig. 6 depicted data which was outdated at the time of publication. Fig. 6 has been replaced with an updated version.

Change Date: 15 April 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-025-11570-9

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: The scientific guarantor of this publication is N.B.

: We disclose the following conflict(s) of interest: M.S.H. Grant support from the Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF), including CANICA Oslo Norway, Peter MacCallum Foundation, and NHMRC (Investigator Grant). Other funding in the last 10 years: Movember/Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF), U.S. Department of Defense, and the Prostate Cancer Foundation of Australia (PCFA). Grant support (to Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre) from Novartis, ANSTO, Bayer, Isotopia, and MIM. Consulting fees for lectures or advisory boards from Janssen and MSD in the last two years; AstraZeneca, Astellas, and Mundipharma in the last five years. M.A.E. Shareholder, 5D Clinics. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

: We would like to acknowledge Adriano Polpo from the School of Mathematics, Physics, and Computing at the University of Western Australia for providing an expert review of the statistical methods applied in this manuscript. N.B. has a background in Mathematics and Statistics.

: Not applicable to systematic review.

: Not applicable to systematic review.

: Some of the reviewed articles in this work were taken from a previous systematic review by Spadarella et al (2023) Available at: .

: