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Article History

Received: 17 October 2024

Revised: 22 January 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2025

First Online: 18 March 2025

Compliance with ethical standards

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: The scientific guarantor of this publication is James F. Griffith.

: The authors of this manuscript declare no relationships with any companies, whose products or services may be related to the subject matter of the article.

: Jason Leung kindly provided statistical advice for this manuscript.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects (patients) in this study.

: This study only involves human participants. This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) and New Territories East Cluster (NTEC) (Ref. No.: 2021.398). Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.

: Some of the baseline to 1-year follow-up results of this study patients were published previously. This prior study addressed changes at baseline and year-1 in 77 of the initial cohort of patients included in the current study. The current study expanded the baseline cohort with the recruitment of more patients and followed up this larger baseline cohort for 8 years. Xiao et al [] A section of this study on patients also overlaps with this published study. Fifty ERA patients were randomly selected at baseline and year -1 to develop a program to automatically segment the wrist bones and calculate BME proportion (%) and BME relative intensity. This program is used in the current study as a quantification method for BME. Yiu et al [].

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